Dinkum Journal of Medical Innovations (DJMI)

Publication History

Submitted: December 22, 2023
Accepted:   January 14, 2024
Published:  April 30, 2024

Identification

D-0272

DOI

https://doi.org/10.71017/djmi.3.4.d-0272

Citation

Rukmani Kafle (2024). Medication Adherence to Psychotropic Drugs among Patient Attending OPD of Teaching Hospital Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Dinkum Journal of Medical Innovations, 3(04):321-336.

Copyright

© 2024 The Author(s).

Medication Adherence to Psychotropic Drugs among Patient Attending OPD of Teaching Hospital Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, NepalOriginal Article

Rukmani Kafle 1 *

  1. P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.

* Correspondence: kaflerukureyaz@gmail.com

Abstract: Mental disorders constitute a serious public health problem, mental disorders pose a major problem with regard to adherence to medication and are influenced by various factors. This study aimed to investigate the level of medication adherence to psychotropic drugs and the association between selected factors among mentally ill clients in psychiatric OPD of CMCTH, Chitwan, who were under medication for at least two months or more. A sample of N=155 clients was selected using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data were collected by using a structured interview schedule, and medication adherence was categorized into three levels. Data were analyzed by using descriptive (frequency, percentage, median and interquartile range) and inferential statistics (Chi-square). The study result revealed that only 26.5% of clients had high medication adherence. A statistically significant relationship was found between medication adherence and selected variables such as the residence of the client, duration of illness, follow-up visit on the right date, dropout when felt better, the effectiveness of drugs, perceived stigma due to mental illness, stress and traditional health-seeking behavior. In deduction, about one-fourth of clients had high medication adherence in this study. Factors associated with medication adherence were diverse and complex. In light of this, health workers should focus on factors affecting adherence while treating or caring the clients to achieve high adherence. Ultimately, high adherence to medication decreases the risk of psychiatric morbidity and mortality.

Keywords: medication adherence, clients, psychotropic drugs

  1. INTRODUCTION

Health is more than the absence of disease; there is no health without mental health. Mental health is the ability of individuals to form harmonious relationships with others and able to contribute to the community [1]. It is a state of complete mental wellbeing, including social, spiritual, cognitive and emotional aspects [2]. Mental health is a state of wellbeing in which every individual realizes his or her potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to contribute to her community [3]. When an individual fails to maintain mental health as changes in emotion and thinking, it is called a mental illness [4]. Mental illnesses are health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking or behaviour (or a combination of these [5]. Mental illnesses are associated with distress and problems functioning in social, work or family activities. Mental illness is a disorder of cognition (thinking) and emotions (mood) as defined by standard diagnostic systems such as the ICD 10 and DSM [6]. Globally, psychiatric disorders have been a public health challenge and attributed to 14% of the global burden of diseases. One in four people in the world will be affected by mental or neurological disorders at some point in their lives [7]. Around 450 million people currently suffer from such conditions, placing mental disorders among the leading causes of ill health and disability worldwide [8]. Nearly two-thirds of people with a known mental disorder never seek help from a health professional due to various factors like stigma, discrimination and lack of knowledge, although treatment is available [9]. Even though treatment is available, half of those who seek medical assistance do not comply with the treatment properly [10]. Medication adherence refers to the degree or extent of conformity or compliance to the recommendations about day-to-day treatment by the provider with respect to the timing, dosage, and frequency. It may be defined as “the extent to which a patient acts in accordance with the prescribed interval and dose of a dosing regimen [11]. The phenomenon of adherence constitutes an important challenge for mental health professionals since nonadherence to treatment can result in an increase in the frequency and intensity of the crises, in the number of hospitalizations/readmissions, and thereby burden to the health system [12]. Moreover, nonadherence is related to an increase in care demands in emergency services, an increase in suicide rates, a worsening of the prognosis and impairment in the quality of life of patients with mental disorders [13]. Nonadherence to medication therapy is characterized by the divergence between the medical prescription and the Patient’s behavior [14]. It is a serious problem in psychiatric treatment and compromises effectiveness. Noncompliance has been found to be more prevalent in chronic disorders [15]. The main reasons for noncompliance are lack of knowledge about illness, low socio-economic status, poverty, unemployment, side effects and no improvement of symptoms [16], which can negatively effect on mental health of both the Patient and the family members financially and socially [16]. The study on Factors affecting compliance with psychotropic drugs for psychiatric patients revealed that poor compliance with psychotropic drug regimens is a major obstacle to the effective care of persons who have a chronic mental illness. Seventy-one per cent of studied patients are non-compliant with psychotropic drugs, and the major factors affecting compliance with psychotropic drugs and leading to non-compliance are feeling better (45.0%), followed by the high cost of drugs (25.0%), forgetfulness and fear of drugs side- effect (24.2% & 23.3%) respectively [17]. Thus, a Patient’s adherence to treatment is an important factor influencing the successful maintenance of treatment and the prevention of relapse [18]. On the basis of the literature review and clinical experiences, it can be concluded that medication compliance has a vital role in the recovery process [19]. The number of relapses and readmissions of psychiatric patients is increasing day by day because of inadequate assessment of the hindering factor [20]. Therapeutic goals cannot be achieved without compliance with medication, resulting in relapse and poorer outcomes [21]. Noncompliance is a significant problem and a major challenge for the healthcare team. Motivation and behavioral tailoring are essential practical factors expected by healthcare teams [22].

  1. MATERIALS & METHODS

A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used for this study to find out the medication adherence to psychotropic drugs among clients attending OPD at Teaching Hospital, CMCTH. The study was conducted in Chit Wan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bhagalpur, Chit Wan. A self-constructed structured checklist and interview schedule were developed to find out medication adherence and its related factors. The research instrument consisted of three parts, i.e. information on socio-demographic data, a questionnaire related to associated factors of medication adherence, self-constructed checklist for medication adherence. An appropriate form was developed to collect the data from medical files and interviews with the respondents after an extensive literature review. All the collected data were verified by cross-checking with the caretaker and checked for completeness, consistency and accuracy. Data were organized, coded and entered in the SPSS, data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and average) and inferential statistics (Chi square) analysis according to the nature of the data. Analyzed data were presented in tables and interpreted accordingly.

  1. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents

All collected data were analyzed and interpreted on the basis of the objectives of the study. Data were obtained from 155 respondents by non-probability convenient sampling technique from Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan. The findings were analyzed and summarized using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables as follows.

Table 01: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents presented in tables as follows.

Variables Frequency Percentage
Age in years

˂ 40

≥40 to ˂ 60

≥60

Median= 37, IQR= Q3 – Q1 = 46 -28, Min=18, Max=82

 

82

65

8

 

52.9

41.9

5.2

Sex of respondents

Male

Female

 

60

95

 

38.7

61.3

Address

Rural

Urban

 

91

64

 

58.7

41.3

Ethnicity

Brahman/Chhetri

Dalit

Other*

 

92

38

25

 

59.4

25.5

16.1

Religion

Hindu

Non-Hindu*1

 

19

36

 

76.8

23.2

Type of family

Joint

Nuclear

 

67

88

 

43.2

56.8

Marital status

Unmarried

Married

Other*2

 

34

110

11

 

21.9

71.0

7.1

Residence

Own home

Other*3

 

135

20

 

87.1

12.9

Educational status

Illiterate

Basic

Secondary and above

 

13

59

83

 

8.4

38.1

53.5

Occupational status before diagnosis

Employed*

Unemployed

 

97

58

 

62.6

37.4

Occupational status after diagnosis

Employed*

Unemployed

 

83

72

 

53.5

46.5

Family income per year

Adequate

In-adequate

Surplus

 

90

32

33

 

58.1

20.6

21.3

 

Table 01 shows the socio-demographic information of respondents, the majority (52.9%) of the clients were under the age of 40 years, and the median age was 37 years. Most of the respondents (61.3%) were female. More than half (58.7%) of respondents were from rural areas, and the majority (41.9%) were of Brahman Chhetri ethnicity. Most of the (76.8%) of respondents followed Hindu religion. The majority of respondents (56.1%) were from dual families, and more than 2/3rd (71%) were married. Almost (87.1%) of respondents lived in their own homes, and more than half of them (53.5%) had secondary and above-level education. The majority of respondents (62.6 %) were employees before they were clinically diagnosed as mentally ill, and more than half (53.5) were still engaging in some money-generating work. About 58.1% of respondent’s families had adequate annual income to bear the expenditure for their family.

Table 02: Illness-Related Variables among Clients

Variables Number Percentage
Diagnosis of the respondents

Schizophrenia

BPAD

Depression

Anxiety

Other *

 

12

32

32

31

48

 

7.7

20.6

20.6

20.1

31.0

Insight of illness

Present

Absent

 

135

20

 

87.1

12.9

Duration of illness

˂ 1 year

1 year to 5 year

˃ 5 year

 

42

70

43

 

27.1

45.2

27.7

Number of medicines taken per day

≤2 tablets

˃2 tablets

 

81

74

 

52.3

47.7

Experience   of relapse

Yes

No

 

75

80

 

48.4

51.6

Follow up on the right date

Yes

No

 

89

66

 

57.4

42.6

Reason   for follow-up

Due to the effect of the drug

For regular visit

 

78

77

 

50.3

49.7

Co-morbidities

Yes*

No

 

29

126

 

18.7

81.3

Having sensory problem

Yes (hearing, visual)

No

 

14

141

 

9.0

91.0

Having Mental retardation

Yes

No

 

12

143

 

7.7

92.3

Table 02 illustrates that the number of clients with a diagnosis of BPAD, Depression, and Anxiety was nearly similar as around of 20%. Most of them (87.1%) had an insight into their illness, and about 45.2% of them had been taking medication for the last 1 to 5 years. More than half (52.3%) of clients were taking up to 2 types of medicines per day, and 48.4% of them had experienced at least one one-time relapse since treatment. The majority (57.4%) of the respondents attended their follow-up visit on the right date, and the reason for follow-up (50.3%) was due to the effect of the drugs. Only 18.7% of clients had co-morbidities, as well a few of them, 9.0% and 7.7%of clients, had sensory and mental retardation problems, respectively.

Table 03: Status of Healthcare Facilities among Clients.

Variable Yes No
No (%) No (%)
Dropout medicine when it feels better 65(41.9) 90(58.1)
Dropout medicine when it feels worse 11(7.1) 144(92.9)
 Presence of severe side effect 8(5.2) 147(94.8)
Drug missing due to travelling 40(25.8) 115(74.2)
Drug missing due to addiction 9(5.8) 146(94.2)
Frequently changing drug 13(8.4) 142(91.6)
Misrecognition of drugs 7(4.5) 148(95.5)
The activity of daily living disturbance (ADL) 75(48.4) 80(51.6)
Fear of addiction to drugs 68(43.9) 87(56.1)
Distance of psychiatric health facilities within 40 km.

(Median distance =39.8, min.=1 km. max.=122km.)

144(92.9) 11(7.1)
Accessibility of drug 115(74.2) 40(25.8)
Affordability of drugs 96(61.9) 59(38.1)
Having health insurance 63(40.6) 92(59.4)
Information related to drugs 135(87.1) 20(12.9)
Friendly behaviour of health worker 129(83.2) 26(16.8)
Waiting ˃ ½ an hour for treatment 28(18.1) 127(81.9)

Table 3 shows that the majority (58.1%) of the clients said that they continued their medicine when they felt better, and 92.9% of clients did not stop their medicine when they felt worse. Almost (94.8%) of respondents had no severe side effects, and 74.2% of them took medication without missing out when travelling. Drug missing due to addiction was as low as 5.8%. Most of the 91.6% of respondents had had the same medication, and they (95.5%) had no confusion about the medicine. The majority (51.6%) had no disturbance in their daily life because of drugs, and a nearly similar (56.1%) number of clients had no fear of addiction to drugs. Similarly, most of the (92.9%) clients had health facilities within 40 km of distance and had easy access (74.2%) for needed medicine. The cost of the drugs is affordable for 61.9% of clients, and 59.4% of clients have no health insurance. Information provided by a health worker and their behavior toward clients was positive at 87.1% and 83.2%, respectively. Most of the clients (81.95) said that they did not need to wait for more than half an hour to have OPD service.

 Table 04: Status of Support and Belief among Clients

Variable          Yes No
No (%) No (%)
Family support for medication 129(83.2) 26(16.8)
Conflict within family 21(13.5) 134(86.5)
Stress felt by the client now 42(27.1) 113 (72.9)
Having social support 3(1.9) 152(98.1)
Felt stigma due to illness 24(15.5) 131(84.5)
Traditional health-seeking habit 49(31.6) 106(68.4)
Felt the importance of drugs for recovery 145(93.5) 10(6.5)
Felt the effectiveness of the drug for recovery 140(93.3) 15(9.7)
Felt alteration in cognitive function 96(61.9) 59(38.1)

Table 04 shows that the majority of 83.2% of clients had family support for medication and had no conflict (86.5%) within the family. Only 27.1% of clients were facing stress now, and almost none (98.1%) had any financial or other support from society. The majority of clients (84.55) did not feel stigma due to psychiatric illness, and only 31.6% of clients sought assistance from traditional healers during medication time. Most of them (93.5%) felt that medicine is important for them, and similarly (90.3%) felt that the drug is working well for them. Nearly 2/3rd (61.9%) of client felt that the drug was interfering with their cognitive function.

Table 05: Medication Adherence Response among Clients

Variable          Correct No (%)
 I take all prescribed   medicine 148(95.5)
I take medicine only at the prescribed time 115(74.2)
 I do not take more doses of medicine than prescribed 132(85.2)
I do not take less dose of medicine than prescribed 138(89.0)
I do not stop my medication myself 88(56.8)
I do not change the medicine by myself 151(97.4)
I do not take any extra medicine without consulting my doctor 148(95.5)
I do not forget to take my medication 104(67.1)

Table 5 shows the variable used to assess medication adherence. It contains eight items that help identify the practice of adherence that clients adopted. Among the eight items, the maximum correct response of clients (97.4%) was that they do not change their medication by themselves, and the least correct response of clients (56.8%) was that they do not stop medication by themselves.

Table 06: Level of Medication Adherence among Clients

Level of adherence Number Percentage
High adherence 41 26.5
Average adherence 84 54.1
Low adherence 30 19.4

Table 6 shows that the majority of respondents (54.2%) had an average level of medication adherence, followed by 26.5% of high adherence to the psychotropic drug.

Table 07: Association between Level of Medication Adherence and Socio-demographic Characteristics among Clients

Variables Level of medication adherence χ2 p-value
High

No (%)

Average

No (%)

Low

 No (%)

Age in year

˂ 40

≥40 to ˂ 60

≥60

Sex 

Male

Female

Address

Rural

Urban

Ethnicity

Brahman/Chhetri

Dalit

Other

Religion

Hindu

Non-Hindu

Type of family

Joint

Nuclear

Marital status

Unmarried

Married

Other

Residence

Own home

Other

Educational status

Illiterate

Basic

Secondary and above

Occupational status before diagnosis

Employed

unemployed

Occupational status after diagnosis

Employed

Unemployed

Family income /year

Adequate

Inadequate

Surplus

 

23(56.1)

16(39.0)

2(4.9)

 

15(36.6)

26(63.4)

 

23(56.1)

18(43.9)

 

28(68.3)

6(14.6)

7(17.1)

 

36(87.8)

5(12.2)

 

23(56.1)

18(43.9)

 

10(24.4)

31(75.6)

0(0.0)

 

40(97.6)

1(2.4)

 

2(4.9)

15(36.6)

24(58.5)

 

21(51.2)

14(48.8)

 

17(41.4)

24(58.6)

 

19(46.3)

8(19.5)

14(34.2)

 

43(51.2)

35(41.7)

6(7.1)

 

33(39.3)

51(60.7)

 

50(59.5)

34(40.5)

 

50(59.5)

22(26.2)

12(14.3)

 

64(76.2)

20(23.8)

 

47(56.0)

37(44.0)

 

16(19.0)

62(73.9)

6(7.1)

 

73(86.9)

11(13.1)

 

9(10.7)

30(35.7)

45(53.6)

 

52(52.6)

32(31.4)

 

48(57.1)

36(42.9)

 

53(63.1)

17(20.2)

14(16.7)

 

16(53.9)

14(46.1)

0(0.0)

 

12(40.0)

18(60.0)

 

18(60.0)

12(40.0)

 

14(46.7)

10(33.3)

6(20.0)

 

19((63.3)

11(36.7)

 

18(60.0)

12(40)

 

8(26.7)

17(56.6)

5(17.7)

 

22(73.3)

8(26.7)

 

2(6.6)

14(46.7)

14(46.7)

 

18(18.8)

12(11.2)

 

18(60)

12(40)

 

18(60.0)

7(23.3)

5(16.7)

 

NA

 

 

 

.111

 

 

.159

 

 

4.525

 

 

 

5.853

 

 

.158

 

 

NA

 

 

 

9.054

 

 

2.435

 

 

 

.289

 

 

3.345

 

 

5.821

 

 

 

 

 

.946

 

 

.924

 

 

.340

 

 

 

.054

 

 

.924

 

 

 

 

 

 

.011

 

 

.656

 

 

 

.865

 

 

.188

 

 

.213

Significance level at 0.05

Table 07 shows the association between level medication adherence level and socio-demographic characteristics, revealing that statistically significant association between residence and level medication level, with a p=.011.

Table 08: Association between Level of Medication Adherence and Illness-Related Variables among Clients.

Variables Level of medication adherence χ2 p-value
High

No. (%)

Average

No. (%)

Low

 No. (%)

   
Diagnosis

Schizophrenia

BPAD

Depression

Anxiety disorder

Other

Insight

Present

Absent

Duration of illness

˂1 year

1 year to 5 year

˃5 year

Number of medicine/days

≤2 tab

˃2 tab

Experience of relapse

Yes

No

Follow up on the right date

Yes

No

Reason for follow-up

Due to drug effect

Regular visit

Co-morbidities

Yes

No

Sensory problems

Yes

No

Mental retardation

Yes

No

 

0(0.0)

9(22.0)

8(19.5)

8(19.5)

16(39.0)

 

36(87.8)

5(12.2)

 

17(41.5)

15(36.5)

9(22.0)

 

23(56.1)

18(43.9)

 

16(39.0)

25(61.0)

 

32(78)

9(22)

 

13(31.7)

28(68.3)

 

6(14.6)

35(85.4)

 

1(2.4)

40(97.6)

 

0(0.0)

41(37.8)

 

8(9.5)

18(21.5)

17(20.2)

16(19.0)

25(29.8)

 

73(86.9)

11(13.1)

 

19(22.6)

36(42.9)

29(34.5)

 

38(45.2)

46(54.8)

 

39(46.4)

45(53.6)

 

46(54.8)

38(45.2)

 

44(52.4)

40(47.6)

 

16(19.0)

68(81.0)

 

11(13.1)

73(86.9)

 

9(10.7)

75(89.3)

 

4(13.4)

5(16.7)

7(23.3)

7(23.3)

7(23.3)

 

26(86.7)

4(13.3)

 

6(20.0)

19(63.3)

5(16.7)

 

20(66.7)

10(33.3)

 

20(66.7)

10(33.3)

 

11(36.7)

19(63.3)

 

21(70.0)

9(30.0)

 

7(23.3)

23(76.7)

 

2(6.7)

28(93.3)

 

3(10.0)

27(90.0)

 

NA

 

 

 

 

 

.026

 

 

10.477

 

 

 

4.398

 

 

5.582

 

 

12.664

 

 

10.472

 

 

4.061

 

 

4.694

 

 

NA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.987

 

 

.033

 

 

 

.111

 

 

.061

 

 

.002

 

 

.005

 

 

.131

 

 

.096

Significance level at 0.05

Table 8 shows the association between the level of medication adherence and illness-related variables. It reveals that there was a statistically significant association between the level of medication adherence and some of the illness-related illness-related variables, such as the duration of illness (p=.033), follow-up on the right date (p =.002), and reason for follow-up (p =.005). Although there was no significant association between adherence and experience of relapse, the p-value was .061.

Table 09: Association between Level of Medication Adherence and Drug related Variables among Clients

Variables Level of medication adherence χ2 p-value
High

No. (%)

Average

No. (%)

Low

 No. (%)

Dropout drug when you feel better

Yes

No

Dropout drug when feeling worse

Yes

No

Severe side effect

Yes

No

Drug missed due to travel

Yes

No

Drug missed due to addiction

Yes

No

Misrecognition of drug

Yes

No

Living disturbance due to drug

Yes

No

Fear of drug addiction

Yes

No

 

 

2(4.9)

39(95.1)

 

 

0(0.0)

41(100)

 

0(0.0)

41

 

 

0(0.0)

41(100)

 

 

3(7.3)

38(92.7)

 

2(4.9)

39(95.1)

 

 

19(46.3)

22(53.7)

 

17(41.5)

24(58.5)

 

 

40(47.6)

44(52.4)

 

 

6(7.1)

78(92.9)

 

6(7.1)

78(92.9)

 

 

25(29.8)

59(70.2)

 

 

7(8.3)

77(91.7)

 

5(6.0)

79(94.0)

 

 

40(47.6)

44(52.4)

 

37(44.0)

47(56.0)

 

 

23(76.7)

7(23.3)

 

 

5(16.7)

25(83.3)

 

2(6.7)

28(93.3)

 

 

15(50.0)

15(50.0)

 

 

0(0.0)

30(100)

 

0(0.0)

30(100)

 

 

16(53.3)

14(46.7)

 

14(46.7)

16(53.3)

 

 

39.099

 

 

 

NA

 

 

NA

 

 

 

NA

 

 

 

NA

 

 

 

NA

 

 

.382

 

 

.139

 

 

˂0.001

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.826

 

 

.908

Significance level at 0.05

Table 9 shows the association between the level of medication adherence and drug-related variables. It revealed that there was a statistically significant association between the level of medication adherence only with dropout medication when they felt they were cured as p (˂0.001).

Table10: Association between Level of Medication Adherence and Selected Variables among Clients.

Variables Level of medication adherence χ2 p-value
High

No (%)

Average

No (%)

Low

 No (%)

Distance for health facilities

Within 40 km

More than 40 km

Easy availability of the drug

Yes

No

Affordability of drug

Yes

No

Health insurance

Yes

No

Information given

Yes

No

Friendliness of H. worker

Yes

No

Waiting ˃ ½ an hour

Yes

No

 

 

39(95.1)

2(4.9)

 

34(82.9)

7(17.1)

 

27(65.9)

14(34.1)

 

16(39.0)

25(61.0)

 

35(85.4)

6(14.6)

 

37(90.2)

4(9.8)

 

11(26.8)

30(73.2)

 

 

75(89.3)

9(10.7)

 

60(71.4)

24(28.6)

 

51(65.9)

33(45.1)

 

33(39.3)

51(60.7)

 

73(86.9)

11(13.1)

 

68(81.0)

16(19.0)

 

12(14.3)

72(85.7)

 

 

30(100.0)

0(0.0)

 

21(70.0)

9(30.0)

 

18(60.0)

12(40.0)

 

14(46.7)

16(53.3)

 

27(90.0)

3(10.0)

 

24(80.0)

6(20.0)

 

5(16.7)

25(83.3)

 

 

NA

 

 

2.244

 

 

.368

 

 

.560

 

 

.337

 

 

1.981

 

 

2.978

 

 

 

 

 

.326

 

 

.832

 

 

.756

 

 

.845

 

 

.371

 

 

.226

 

Family support for medication

Yes

No

Conflict within family

Yes

No

Stress felt by the client now

Yes

No

Having social support

Yes

No

Felt stigma due to illness

Yes

No

 

 

 

37(90.2)

4(9.8)

 

3(7.3)

38(92.7)

 

6(14.6)

35(85.4)

 

0(0.0)

41(100.0)16

 

3(7.3)

38(92.7)

 

 

71(84.5)

13(14.5)

 

13(15.5)

71(84.5)

 

21(25.0)

63(75.0)

 

2(2.4)

82(97.6)

 

11(13.1)

73(86.9)

 

 

21(75.0)

9(30.0)

 

5(16.7)

25(83.3)

 

15(50.0)

15(50.0)

 

1(3.3)

29(96.7)

 

10(33.3)

20(66.7)

 

 

5.307

 

 

1.875

 

 

11.377

 

 

NA

 

 

9.760

 

 

 

.070

 

 

.392

 

 

.003

 

 

 

 

 

.008

Significance level at 0.05

Table 10 shows the association between medication adherence level and selected related variables. It revealed that there was no statistically significant association between medication adherence level and healthcare-related variables, but it was associated with social support-related variables. The client with stress now (p=.003) and felt stigma because of mental illness (p=.008) had a significant association with medication adherence.

Table 11: Association between Level of Medication Adherence and Belief-related Variables among Clients.

Variables Level of medication adherence χ2 p-value
High

No (%)

Average

No (%)

Low

No (%)

Traditional health-seeking habit

Yes

No

Felt the importance of the drug

Yes

No

Felt Effectiveness of drug

Yes

No

Felt alteration in cognitive function

Yes

No

 

6(14.6)

35(85.4)

 

36(87.8)

5(12.2)

 

38(92.7)

3(7.3)

 

 

 

23(56.1)

18(43.9)

 

27(32.1)

57(67.9)

 

82(97.6)

2(2.4)

 

79(94.0)

5(6.0)

 

 

 

53(63.1)

31(36.9)

 

16(53.3)

14(46.7)

 

27(90.0)

3(10.0)

 

23(76.7)

7(23.3)

 

 

 

20(66.7)

10(33.3)

 

 

12.025

 

 

5.137

 

 

7.995

 

 

 

 

.925

 

 

.002

 

 

.075

 

 

.027€-

 

 

 

 

.630

 

Significance at 0.05, €- fisher’s Exact test

Table 11 shows the association between the level of medication adherence and belief and motivation-related variables. It revealed that there was a statistically significant association between the level of medication adherence and the habit of seeking traditional health support along with hospital treatment (p=.002). The effectiveness of drug felt by clients had a statistically significant association with medication adherence, which was calculated by Fisher’s exact test as p= .027€-      

3.8 Discussion                        

The study was designed to assess medication adherence to psychotropic drugs [23, 24]. The study was intended to identify medication adherence and associated factors among mentally ill clients attending psychiatric OPD at Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Chitwan [25]. A total of 155 clients clinically diagnosed as having mental disorders, receiving psychotropic drugs for a minimum of two months and attending psychiatric OPD of CMCTH were taken as a study subject. In this study, 155 clients were studied. Among them, 52.9% of clients were under the age of 40 years, most of the respondents, 61.3%, were female, and 53.5% had secondary and above-level education. A similar finding was stated as the study clients were mostly in the younger age groups, female, and literate [26]. This study showed the level of medication adherence of clients who were under psychotropic drugs for at least two months or more. The level of medication adherence was categorized as high adherence, average adherence and low adherence [27]. In this study, high adherence means that the clients had never missed the medication, and more than half of respondents had an average level of medication adherence, whereas only 26.5% of respondents had high adherence to psychotropic drugs. A similar study was conducted in Dharan, which revealed that less than half of the patients (37%) showed high medication adherence [28]. Another study conducted in Nigeria showed that less than half of the patients in that study demonstrated high adherence, which suggested that high medication adherence levels were between 40% to 50% of adherence [29]. These results suggested that the majority of clients had low adherence. Even though the adherence was low, the data were inconsistent. This discrepancy in the findings of the study might be due to the cut-off points for the level of adherence and the use of different tools to assess medication adherence. Regarding the association between the level of medication adherence and socio-demographic variables, this study showed a statistically significant association only with the residence. Clients residing in their own homes had higher adherence than the clients who live in other’s homes (p=.011) [30]. This finding suggested that the clients or patients would have support, care and sharing of burden within the family, which would be supportive of increasing adherence [31]. However, other studies revealed that there was no association between medication adherence and socio-demographic variables that might be limited by study setting [32]. Among the illness-related variables statistically significant association between level of medication adherence was identified only with duration of illness (p =.033), follow up in right date (p =.002) and reason for follow up (p =.005). In this study, the duration of illness indicates the duration of taking medicine [33], nearly half of the clients have been taking medicine for the last year to five years, and the finding suggested that the longer the duration of taking medicine, the higher the chances of missing drugs. Another significant variable was attending follow-up on the right date, which was done by more than half (57.4%) of the respondents [34]. A similar study conducted in Dharan showed that 94.7% of clients were attending regular follow up. The variation in data may be due to the difference in availability of health facilities, distance or other social variables [35].

  1. CONCLUSIONS

The findings of the study concluded that very few clients had high medication adherence to psychotropic drugs which demands active intervention to have cost effective result in care, treatment of mental illness and prevention from relapse. The descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to investigate level of medication adherence to psychotropic drugs and association between selected factors among mentally ill clients in psychiatric OPD of CMCTH, Chitwan who were under medication at least for two month or more. A sample of 155 clients were selected using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data were collected by using structured interview schedule and medication adherence was categorized in three level. Data were analyzed by using descriptive (frequency, percentage, median and interquartile range) and inferential statistics (Chi-square). The study result revealed only 26.5% of clients had high medication adherence. Statistically significant relationship was found between medication adherence and selected variables as residence of client, duration of illness, follow up visit in right date, dropout when felt well, effectiveness of drugs, perceived stigma due to mental illness, stress and traditional health seeking behavior. Health worker should focus on factors affecting adherence while treating or caring the clients to achieve high adherence. Ultimately high adherence to medication decreases the risk of psychiatric morbidity and mortality.

  1. RECOMMENDATIONS

Educational programs and different interventional activities should be planned and implemented by giving more focus to the needs of the mentally ill clients that will increase adherence and shorten the duration of illness, improve their quality of life and reduce the family burden. Health personnel should become more available to the clients so as to respond to the needs of the clients and provide necessary information and education according to their needs. Hence, health workers and local health planners need to provide their attention to medication adherence, including notable factors, while planning health services for clients having psychotropic drugs. Appropriate policy and additional facilities should be planned and implemented by the nation as a whole by giving more focus to chronic illness as mental disorder clients for better recovery. A similar type of longitudinal study could be conducted at the regional and national levels on a large scale.

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Publication History

Submitted: December 22, 2023
Accepted:   January 14, 2024
Published:  April 30, 2024

Identification

D-0272

DOI

https://doi.org/10.71017/djmi.3.4.d-0272

Citation

Rukmani Kafle (2024). Medication Adherence to Psychotropic Drugs among Patient Attending OPD of Teaching Hospital Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Dinkum Journal of Medical Innovations, 3(04):321-336.

Copyright

© 2024 The Author(s).