1. Department Of Environmental Science, State University Of Bangladesh, Bangladesh; idmvs@gmail.com

*             Correspondence: dey.idmvs@gmail.com

Keywords: rooftop gardening, agricultural, satellite data, Bangladesh

1. INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh the South Asian economic giant with 148,460 km² of land area along with sea area of around 207,000 km² has made an inspiring gains in key human development indicators (HDI) in last few years [1]. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) HDI 2020, Bangladesh ranks 133rd among 189 countries and 5th position in the South Asia. (UNDP, 2020). According to the report, country has now come in the medium Human Development category with an HDI score of 0.632. The gross domestic product (GDP) of Bangladesh cultivated to 329.12 billion dollars in 2020 and with an increase of about 160 billion U.S. dollars since 2014 [2]. Bangladesh is currently stepping forward to be one of the growing economic forces in the world. Despite of her economic achievements in recent years Bangladesh is identified as one of the susceptible international locations as a sufferer of detrimental have an impact on of local weather change. The main improvement challenges of us these days consist of poverty alleviation, sustainable improvement and surroundings administration in the context of swiftly developing population [3]. Dhaka is the largest and fastest growing city of Bangladesh, rapid population growth in Dhaka has created severe pressure on the land of the already overcrowded country. Agricultural lands have given way to housing developments and roads in an agriculturally based economy like Bangladesh. With rapid and unplanned urbanization, incidence of urban poverty and food insecurity has been also increasing alarmingly in Dhaka [4]. Rooftop gardening can be an effective method in ensuring food supply and satisfying nutritional needs of the inhabitants. Rooftop gardening, although is being practiced in the city in many forms for years in the past, there have been hardly any concerted effort on part of the Government, community organizations and as well the general citizens to integrate into urban agriculture [5]. Proper understanding of the problems and prospects associated with the adoption of policies will contribute, to a great extent, to increased food supply in the city. The proposed study is an effort in this direction. It identifies the long-term policy measures for rooftop gardening that can become the basis for a sustainable approach for urban agriculture [6]. Nevertheless, it may additionally generate some employment services via its backward and ahead linkages. The manufacturing of clean fruits and greens of the rooftop backyard can be multiplied dietary fame of family contributors of the city residents and it will make a high-quality contribution to the environment. There are many components of out of doors environments and inexperienced areas that is desirable to people, regardless of age. Rooftop gardening can be a positive approach in ensuring meals furnish and enjoyable dietary desires of the inhabitants [7]. Rooftop gardening, though is being practiced in the town in many structure for years in the past, there have been infrequently any concerted effort on section of the Government, neighbourhood groups and as properly the ordinary residents to combine it to city agriculture [8]. Proper appreciation of the troubles and potentialities related with the adoption of insurance policies will contribute, to a fantastic extent, to elevated meals furnish in the city [9]. In addition, potential negative effect, due to internal migration from rural place to city place populations in the cities are growing swiftly therefore the numbers of low-income customers are additionally growing in cities [10]. Urban agriculture can supply city-dwellers with a supply of sparkling produce, accelerated food plan and essential family budgetary savings. Vegetated surfaces furnish essential sound insulations homes and are frequently employed for their noise discount doable in city settings. Green roofs can supply vital noise discount possibilities for buildings. These results directly to Urban ecology which diminishing veggies contributing to some extent toward world warming [11].

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Human attitudes toward nature and architecture changed greatly between 500 B.C and the 20th century. In response to industrialization and pollution, Urban Parks emerged in the late 1800s. Today, cities use these parks for green space and filtration [12]. Frederick Law Olmsted developed Central Park in New York City in 1858 and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco in the 1870s. In 1898, Ebenezer Howard conceived the Garden City, which would allow city people to escape pollution and overcrowding by fleeing to the countryside or outskirts [13]. This movement sprang from the urge to enhance urban living during the Industrial Revolution. The Garden City movement flourished after WWII as the economy grew and the nation prospered [14]. By 1960, one-third of Americans lived in suburbs. People are returning to cities today. The world’s population is increasingly urbanizing; 54% of people lived in cities in 2014. By 2050, 66% of the world’s population will be urban [15]. The conventional urban drainage systems cannot handle more runoff from development. Green infrastructure enhances infiltration surface area, lowering runoff in municipal drains. Fluvial flooding and wastewater overflows contaminate urban rivers and the watershed [16]. Cities and developed areas accumulate fertilizer, pesticides, and petroleum wastes in storm water runoff. Increased nutrients in streams, rivers, and oceans due to eutrophication damage ecosystems and taint drinking water. EPA surveys show 40% of U.S. rivers and lakes are too filthy for swimming or fishing [17]. Global urban population growth is mostly in developing nations, in 20 years, China alone will need to develop 350 million new cities. Over the same span, 250 million will move to Indian cities and 380 million to Africa. How can we meet more people’s needs with less resources and increasing weather variability [18]. Sustainable development will boost urban resilience and meet expanding urban requirements. Western nations employ green infrastructure more, China is a new leader in sustainable development and will build vertical forests in Nanjing Providence [19]. The ecosystem services supplied by green infrastructure and roofs can benefit emerging nation cities. Technology implementation and maintenance costs are the biggest challenge. Green roofs offer more than storm water management. Poor air quality harms human health [20]. Air contaminants stick to plant leaves, making them natural sinks. Plants shade and evapotranspiration, lowering air temperatures and perhaps inhibiting troposphere ozone-forming photochemical processes [21]. Reducing heating and cooling energy utilization reduces power plant emissions [22]. Since plants generate cellular material through photosynthesis, which requires CO2, RTGs can also reduce CO2 levels [23]. Plants ingest CO2 to maintain a stable CO2 level before the Industrial Revolution, when natural processes released CO2. Organic matter respiration and decomposition produce CO2. Without human activity, photosynthesis and absorption into water bodies remove CO2 from the atmosphere efficiently [24]. Natural sinks trap carbon in diverse forms. Ocean, plant biomass, fossil fuels, and terrestrial and oceanic rock are the main sinks, with the latter being the greatest [25]. Thus, climate change and adaptation will be crucial in wealthy and emerging nations. Rapid urban development has affected many of the planet’s natural processes, including the loss of highly productive farmland, climate change, hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles, and biodiversity loss [26]. Rooftop gardens have various predecessors, from Babylonian hanging gardens to Scandinavian sod roofs. Four concepts can help urban agriculture succeed, one strategy for urban agriculture development is legislation, including laws, bylaws, and ordinances. Promoting and regulating rooftop urban farming requires economic tools like subsidies and taxes, as well as educational, urban planning, and design tools to affect actor behavior [27].  Cities that use financial, educational, and design instruments for urban agriculture are frequently proactive and improvement-oriented. An effective approach should combine economic, informational, and urban planning tools with legislative measures to promote urban agriculture. One approach to support urban farming is to provide rooftop space [28].

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was conducted by following a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative surveys were conducted using structured questionnaire with the selected respondents through face-to-face interview and online survey methods. On the other hand, for qualitative survey, checklists were followed for conducting Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Case Study Analysis. The study followed both a quantitative and qualitative approaches and data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. In the case of collecting primary quantitative data from the field, semi structured questionnaire was used. In addition, case study and Key Informant Interview (KII) were conducted for collecting qualitative data. The quantitative data which were collected from respondents (community member) from the selected project area. To address the quality and existing practices of EIA in Bangladesh an online based survey was conducted with the planners and EIA experts using a semi-structured questionnaire.  Dhanmondi is a residential neighborhood in Dhaka, Bangladesh, known for its central location, cultural vibrancy and being home to the country’s founder, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Banani DOHS is the first DOHS (Defense Officers Housing Society) in Dhaka city. Banani DOHS is located on the eastern side of Dhaka Cantonment, approximately 8 Kilometers from Dhaka International Airport.  Purposive sampling procedure was followed for collecting information from the community of the project area and from the EIA experts and planners. For selecting sample size, this research will follow standard statistical approach. In quantitative survey, a total 406 sample cases collected from the Dhaka by google forms. The Cochran’s formula is:

Where,

Level of confidence 95%, Z = 1.96

Margin of error e = 0.05

Assuming baseline level of indicators p=q=50% = 0.5 (no data available in any of the intended indicators). Total Population= 20,000 (as the total population is unknown).

Collected data was entered and processed in a excel data sheet for analysis. Data from every individual respondent was cleaned by thorough check and quantitative data collected in the exercise which was analyzed using descriptive and statistical analysis, and basic thematic analysis was conducted on the qualitative data collected.

4. RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 Satellite Analysis Information Regarding RTG 

The Study area of Dhanmondi, Mohakhali DOSH and land use pattern shows that there are very less agricultural area and as well as less open green space as being one of the most important economically important business areas of Dhaka. Google Satellite image has been used in this study, most of the images are captured from a hight of 100 ft (~30m) and it was clear enough to avoid any noise and cloud reduction operation. The satellite image was projected using Google Earth Pro. All the Samples were developed in Google Earth Pro to create a file for supervised classification. Study sites are manually taken by drawing polygons from each Study area selected. Considering the geo-physical location and importance 4 study areas were selected as cluster sample basis. Two of the areas are selected considering a large catchment area with <1 KM^2. However, the other 02 study areas are less in catchment area with >1 KM². While selecting the study areas a uniformity characteristic is followed by selected those on Residential & Commercial type. In this research Residential area are defined as the areas having majority of its use pattern for the residential purpose. On the other hand, the Commercial type are those which land use are mostly used for the Business or other economical purpose.

Figure 01: Study Areas to Identify the RTG Status in Dhanmondi Area

Satellite image analysis figured out that a number of buildings are currently practicing the rooftop vegetation and RTG in the study area, However the number and popularity are varied from each to another area. Despite of fluctuation in the number in the study area research which proves the evident that RTG is significantly practiced at the study area. The Table 01 showed a comparative analysis over the four (04) study areas.

Table 01: RTG Comparative Analysis of the Study Areas

Factor & Parameter	Study Area
	Lake Circus- Kalabagan	Dhanmondi Rd 3 & 4	Rayer-Bazar & Shankar	Lalmatia
Type of Area	Residential	Residential & Commercial	Residential & Commercial	Residential
Perimeter of Area	1.1 KM	1.41 KM	3.16 KM	3.42 KM
Area	0.48 KM2	0.12 KM2	0.43 KM2	0.73 KM2
Household Density	High	Medium	High	Medium
Road Network Type	Conventional	Block Pattern	Conventional	Block Pattern
Number of Building with RTG	07 Units	04 Units	72 Units	98 Units
Avg RTG Building	14.5 Units/km2	33 Units/km2	167 Units/km2	134 Units/km2
Green Space	0	02	07	03
Playground or Community Open space	0	01	02	04
Water Body	0	0	0	01
Perception on Green Area	Low	Medium	High	High
– Measurement and information are extorted from Google based on image dated on November 2020 using Google Earth Pro

4.2 Study Area: Mohakhali & Banani DOSH

Banani DOHS is the first DOHS (Defense Officers Housing Society) in Dhaka city. Banani DOHS is located on the eastern side of Dhaka Cantonment, approximately 8 Kilometers from Dhaka International Airport. It is bounded by Dhaka Cantonment to its South & West, Kurmitola Golf Ground to the North and Banani Railway Station and Dhaka-Mymensing highway to the East. At present a number of plots are in Banani DOHS with a total area of around 0.5 square Kilometers. On the other hand, Mohakhali DOHS is a neighborhood of Dhaka for Armed Forces Officers. The neighborhoods belong in the Dhaka North City Corporation. The DOSH area was established in the mid-1980s as part of the Defence Officers’ Housing Scheme and has 536 individual housing plots. The administration falls under Dhaka Cantonment and the cantonment board. There is a mosque inside the DOHS with a number of Open Space and commercial buildings. Both the area were established under the defense Officers Housing Scheme aspires to propagate a congenial and safe community living and collective welfare for the residents of DOHS Banani and their successors and ensure welfare of all members and also to create congenial social environment. Table 02 shows the Geophysical Information of Mohakhali and Banani DOSH area

Table 02: Study Area: Geophysical Information (DOHS)

Area Code	Area Name	Location		Type of Area
		latitude	longitude
E	Banani DOSH	23°47’35.58″N	90°23’56.08″E	Residential
F	Mohakhali DOSH	23°46’51″N	90°23’43″E	Residential & Commercial
Source: Google.com

Figure 02: RTG Status at Mohakhali DOSH

Figure 03: RTG Status at Banani DOSH

 4.3 Findings Summary: Mohakhali & Banani DOSH

Satellite image analysis figured out that several buildings are currently practicing the rooftop vegetation and RTG in the study area, However the number and popularity are varied from each to another area. Despite of fluctuation in the number in the study area research which proves the evident that RTG is significantly practiced at the study area. The Table 03 showed a comparative analysis over the four (04) study areas.

Table 03: RTG Comparative Analysis of the Study Area of Mohakhali & Banani DOSH

Factor & Parameter	Study Area
	Banani DOSH	Mohakhali DOSH
Type of Area	Residential	Residential & Commercial
Perimeter of Area	2.17 KM	3.12 KM
Area	0.27 KM2	0.37 KM2
Household Density	Medium	Medium
Road Network Type	Block Pattern	Block Pattern
Number of Building with RTG	21 Units	91 Units
Avg RTG Building	77.7 Units/km2	245 Units/km2
Green Space	1	01
Playground or Community Open space	1	03
Water Body	1	1
Perception on Green Area	High	High
– Measurement and information are extorted from Google based on image dated on November 2020 using Google Earth Pro

This chapter affords an indication of the RTG status in the selected urban areas of Dhaka. using the simple criteria suggested by lanning Guidance, which is supplementary to Policy HSG19 of the Woking Borough Local Plan 1999 by Edinburgh Local Development Plan. As pe the policy number of Dwellings per Hectare/Acre (for use in lower density) is the most widely used method of measurement but should only be used for lower density developments as dwellings can vary widely in size. According to the guidelines.

Table 04: Scale value against of comparative density measurements

Form the image analysis it exposes that in both Dhanmondi, and DOSH area residential areas are exposing a High Perception of RTG with having an average value more than .5 plot ratio. On the other hand, being an economically busy area Dhanmondi Rd 3 & 4 has significant number of RTG with perception level in between 0.2-.05. This research identified that Dhanmondi 3-4 area is having a plot ratio of 0.33. Among the selected areas the other location Lake Circus- Kalabagan have the lessen number of RTG. Table 05 shows the RTG Comparative Analysis of the Study Areas

Table 05: RTG Comparative Analysis of the Study Areas

Factor & Parameter	Study Area:2		Study Area:1
	Banani DOSH	Mohakhali DOSH	Lake Circus- Kalabagan	Dhanmondi Rd 3 & 4	Rayer-Bazar & Shankar	Lalmatia
Type of Area	Residential	Residential	Residential & Commercial	Residential & Commercial	Residential	Residential
Perimeter of Area	2.17 KM	3.12 KM	1.1 KM	1.41 KM	3.16 KM	3.42 KM
Area (KM2)	0.27	0.37	0.48	0.12	0.43	0.73
Area (hectare)	27	37	48	12	43	73
Number of Building with RTG (Unit)	21	91	7	4	72	98
Avg RTG Building	0.78	2.46	0.15	0.33	1.67	1.34
Perception on Green Area	High	High	Low	Medium	High	High
– Measurement and information are extorted from Google based on image dated on November 2020 using Google Earth Pro – Edinburgh Local Development Plan

From the analysis exhibits a simple co-relation identified between the total green area and open space of the area and the RTG practices behaviour on the inhabitants of the area. In the study areas the areas have a high number of green spaces influences the residents on the RTG. The evidence from the study area are shown in the Table 06.

Table 06: RTG Comparative Analysis of the Study Areas on Green Open Space and RGT behaviour

Factor & Parameter	Study Area:2		Study Area:1
	Banani DOSH	Mohakhali DOSH	Lake Circus- Kalabagan	Dhanmondi Rd 3 & 4	Rayer-Bazar & Shankar	Lalmatia
Type of Area	Residential	Residential	Residential & Commercial	Residential & Commercial	Residential	Residential
Household Density	High	High	Low	Medium	High	High
Road Network Type	Block Pattern	Block Pattern	Conventional	Block Pattern	Conventional	Block Pattern
Green Space	1	1	0	2	7	3
Playground or Community Open space	1	3	0	1	2	4
Water Body	1	1	0	0	0	1
Perception on Green Area	High	High	Less	High	Medium	High

From the table 06 it has been clearly established that the areas having the greatest number of Green Space, Playground or Community Open space, Water Body influences the mindset of the community member. All the areas having high perception of the RTGs have a sufficient number of green areas. However, Lake Circus- Kalabagan with lees number of Green Space, Playground or Community Open space, Water Body do not influence the mindset of the community member.

4.4 Summary of In-Depth Interview (IDI) with Household 

4.4.1  Respondents Socio-Economical Background

The table depicts that research contacted with a total number of 406 respondents from the study areas of which both male 77% and female 23%. A total of 83 buildings were covered from the selected study area. Furthermore, in table 07, 21% respondents are greater in the age of 31-35 and the lowest is in the age range of above 50 (3%). Among the Respondents most of the respondents are from private job background with a significant number of 30% (121). However, a substantial number of professions identified from the field data are Business (19%) and Architecture and Engineering Occupations (18%). Professionals from other professions like Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (6%), Government Job (5%) along with Students (9%) are covered by the research field data.

Table 07: Percentage Distribution of Social Background of Respondents

Social Perspective (n=406)
	Factors	Frequency (N)	Percent (%)
Sex of The Respondents	Female	92	23%
	Male	314	77%
Age of the respondents (year)	Below 18	36	9%
	18-25	68	17%
	26-30	61	15%
	31-35	87	21%
	36-40	52	13%
	41-45	56	14%
	46-50	33	8%
	Above 50	13	3%
Mean= 35.13, Median= 23.00 and SD= 12.14
Profession of the Respondents	Architecture and Engineering Occupations	72	18%
	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations	23	6%
	Government Job	19	5%
	Private Job, NGO	121	30%
	Business	78	19%
	Student	36	9%
	Housewife	57	14%
Living Area of the Respondents	Banani DOSH	31	8%
	Mohakhali DOSH	29	7%
	Lake Circus- Kalabagan	16	4%
	Dhanmondi Rd 3 & 4	28	7%
	Rayer-Bazar & Shankar	178	44%
	Lalmatia	124	31%
Administrative Area of Living	Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC)	200	49%
	Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC)	206	51%
Type of Residence	Permanent	125	31%
	Local (Living more than 10 Years)	103	25%
	Migrated / Temporary	178	44%
Type of housing currently live	Apartment	386	95%
	Duplex	12	3%
	Dormitory or Hostel	8	2%
Ownership Type	Rental	253	62%
	Owned	153	38%

All the respondents are currently living in mainly two administration areas of which 51% are from Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) and rest 49% are from the the Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) administration area. To achieve the research objectives the research adapted a purposive area sampling among the areas of Banani DOSH, Mohakhali DOSH, Lake Circus- Kalabagan, Dhanmondi Rd 3 & 4, Rayer-Bazar & Shankar, Lalmatia. Among the selected areas most cases of respondents are covered from the Rayer-Bazar & Shankar (44%) and Lalmatia (31%). The high percentages covered by these areas are due to their high and large catchment area covering. Among the other areas a well distribution of respondent percentages is found between 4% to 8%. Research also identified that majority of the respondents are living in rental houses (62%) where only 38% have their own house. Among the respondents it is clearly identified that most of the respondents have apartment type of housing pattern with a percentage distribution level of 95%. A very fey respondents are currently living in the Duplex (3%) or in the Dormitory or Hostel (2%) in the selected area. Table 07 also describe that among the respondent’s majority of the respondents are Migrated or living in the area on a Temporary basis with a percentage distribution level of 44%. Apart from that 31% of the respondents are permanent and 25% consider them local as their family are living more than 10 Years in the study area.

4.4.2 Findings from RTG Practitioners Survey

To know about RTG management issues practiced by the respondents in the study area research asked that weather the respondents are practicing the RTG by their own or not. From the field data it was identified that a total number of 238 respondents’ households among 406 household were active in the process of RTG. Figure showed a simple percentage distribution of RTG practitioners along with type of sharing pattern. Among all the RTG practitioners a total of 61% have their individual type of RTG and 39% have shared pattern.

Figure 04: Percentage Distribution of RTG Practitioners and Type of Sharing (n=406 & 238 Respectively)

Apart from the research also identified the understanding of respondent’s knowledge regarding the RTG by requesting them to evaluate as self-analysis. From the analysis it was found that majority of the respondents (83%) believe that they had a general understanding on the RTG process and management. The main reason of the indicating to a general understanding level as most of the respondents are not professionally trained or not even know the best kind of approach related to RTG. Most of the RTG practitioners considered the process as a part of their recreation or to meet the additional demand of their family. On the other had a total number of 11% of the respondents expressed that they did not have any understanding regarding an effective RTG management process though they were involved in the RTG process.

Figure 05: Understanding on RTG Management Issues by the RTG Practitioners (n=238)

Apart from that Figure shows that the research also identified the Total Roof Area Covered for the plantation of RTG and the Total roof area covered by the RTG. From the findings it has been identified that most of the people have medium scale of roof area in between 500-1000 SFT. A potential number also have a roof area under 500 sft and very few have more than 1000 sft.

Figure 06: Roof Area Covered by the RTG (n=238)

 Regarding the Roof area covered by the RTG is depends on the type and the total house roof area. As identified majority of the population have between 500-1000 sft area in their roof segregated for their RTG. However, some of the have a limited number with only 500 sft roof area for their use. A limited number only 12% enjoys an area more than 1000 sft for their RTG.

Figure 07: Total Roof Area Covered for the plantation of RTG (n=238)

Figure 08: Number of Trees per Respondents (n=238)

The research also identifies the average number of plants planted under the RTG. It has been identified that majority of owners have 10-20 trees per RTG however significant number of respondents also have 20-30 trees at their RTG. A large number of respondents (32%) also have at least 30 tresses at their own RTG.

Figure 09: Materials Used for the RTG Purpose (n=238 Multiple Response)

While at the time of planting the trees the respondent’s plastic tub or plastic drum as their main materials (47%). A large number of respondents also expressed that they use clay made Tub (21%) and steel drum (17%) while planting the trees in their Roof. A very small number of people use the recycling or reuse material for this purpose.

Figure 10: Type of Plants Cultivated in RTG (n=238 Multiple Response)

Research finds that people like to cultivate all the type of trees in their roof which consist of Vegetable, Fruits, Ornamental trees as well as flower. However, the percentage of flower is large (34%) compare to vegetables (26%) and and fruits (22%).

Figure 11: Yearly Plantation Time by the Respondents from Study Area (n=236)

Figure 12: Daily Allocated Time by the Respondents for RTG (n=238)

Figure 13: Primary Care Giver in the RTG Process (n=238)

 This research also identifies regarding the Yearly Plantation Time Daily Allocated Time by the Respondents for RTG and the Primary Care Giver in the RTG Process. Figure shows that in the RTG process mainly all the family members are involved as the caregiver. A very few of the respondents as caretaker or labor involved in the process. To complete the process, one need to allocate around less than 1 hour daily where the nearly 49% respondents are practicing RTG all the year.  As shown in the figure a smaller number of (5%) avail caregiving support from the external labor or from paid caretaker. To do so majority have to pay (53%) BDT 300-500 Taka daily. Considering the type of the involvement some of the respondents need to pay around more than 500 BDT on daily basis. A one third of the respondents say they need to pay less than 300 BDT for this process. Figure identify the involvement time of the labor in a RTG process. Most of the respondents involve the labor on less than 07 days in a month. A very few owners need to engage the labor for 15-21 days in a month where around 3% have full time caretaker for the process.

Figure 14: Labour Charge Daily (n=152)

Figure 15: Labour involvement in Days for the RTG Management (n=152)

In addition to the involvement of the external labour apart from the family members this research also finds the involvement of the women in the RTG management related works. Most of the family women see themselves as a primary supportive role for the process where 24% act as the core member for the process. Figure have the percentage distribution for the involvement of the women in the RTG process.

Figure 16: Involvement of Women in the RTG Management (n=236)

 Figure 17 show the Most Targeted Crop Season for Cultivation by the Respondents in RTG I the study area though 30% of the total respondents do not have any preference crop season however they target all the year. Among the three-crop season the most targeted season is the Rabi (July to October) season.

Figure 17: Most Targeted Crop Season for Cultivation by the Respondents in RTG (n=236)

 

Table 08: Common Type of Plants (Vegetables and Fruits) found in RTG

Most Common Type of Plants (Vegetables and Fruits) found in RTG in the Study Area
Fruits			Vegetables
Type	Frequency	Percentage	Type	Frequency	Percentage
Mango	16	11%	Brinjal	23	12%
Guava	20	14%	Tomato	27	14%
Hog-plum	2	1%	Cabbage	4	2%
Jujubee	4	3%	Cauliflower	4	2%
Lemon	33	23%	Chilli	34	17%
Pomegranate	8	6%	Indian Spinach	8	4%
Orange	6	4%	Lady‟s finger	16	8%
Malta	8	6%	Country bean	6	3%
Papaya	20	14%	Yard long bean	2	1%
Wax apple	1	1%	Bottle gourd	5	3%
Litchi	2	1%	Teasle gourd	2	1%
Pummelo	1	1%	Ash gourd	3	2%
Dragon fruit	5	3%	Bitter gourd	6	3%
Grape	5	3%	Sweet gourd	4	2%
Strawberry	6	4%	Snake gourd	2	1%
Bilombi	6	4%	Cucumber	9	5%
Nothing,	1	1%	Red amaranth	1	1%
			Lettuce	9	5%
			Capsicum	13	7%
			Coriander	11	6%
			Drumstick	5	3%
			Sugarcane	1	1%
			Lemon grass	1	1%
			spinach	1	1%
			Pumpkin	1	1%

 

 Figure 18: Primary Source of Water for the Watering Processing in RTG (n=233)

Water is the most basic and primary product needed for any cultivation process. Considering the urban context respondents were regarding their Primary Source of Water for the Watering Processing in RTG. Figure 18 shows that 93% of the RTG practitioners used the building water source for the purpose of the watering process. On the other hand, 07% have their own rainwater harvesting process from which they get the support to achieve the primary requirement for the water. Respondents also highlighted there are different types of irrigation methods used in rooftop such as, manual method like watering with hose, bucket and mug, advanced methods like drip irrigation, wick irrigation etc. The research identified that from the IDI that the irrigation method used by majority of families were manual (bucket and mug), i.e. and some of the families use hose pipe, however a very less number practiced drip irrigation method for watering. Figure 19 Respondents Involvement with Professional Body and 20 showed the Area of Knowledge Gained for Plant Protection Measure. During the IDI respondents mentioned that ant, mealy worm and green leaf hopper were suggested as the primary bugs by means of the rooftop gardeners. There had been also some minor insects named with the aid of whitefly, lemon butterfly, crimson pumpkin beetle, aphid, termite, fruit borer etc. Respondents involved theme self with Professional Body as to get the proper understanding on the pest control and other issues. Around 75% of the respondents involved them with the professional body. However, the primary learning source is identified the social media and internet (47%) where a significant on the RTG owners believes the learning by doing is the best possible way of learning.

Figure 19: Respondents Involvement with Professional Body (n=238)

Figure 20: Area of Knowledge Gained for Plant Protection Measure (n=238)

 As figure21 indicated, 60% respondents use organic compost the fertilizers of the plantation and 35% use both organic and chemical fertilizers for the plant. Among the important fertilizers viz. cow dung, compost, urea, MoP, sesame cake and TSP used by the rooftop gardeners. Besides, there have been some minor fertilizers such as DAP, vermi-compost, birds’ litter, bio-salary, eggshell etc. are also used by the RTG oeners. Almost all of the rooftop gardener did now not comply with any regular sample in case of insects-pests control, diseases manage and in fertilizer application dose and stage

Figure 21: Respondents Distribution on Fertilizer Use Pattern (n=236)

 I addition to that to defend plant life from different insects-pests and diseases, rooftop farmers carried out a wide variety of control measures. Most often times used practices in opposition to insects-pests had been finish, elimination of infested part, hand killing of insects, washing with water, wheel powder + water, Ripcord, neem + mehagani juice, tobacco + water, kerosene, Nitro, Green tonic, Sevin etc. On the different hand, the most common protection strategies towards diseases was once removal of the contaminated part compared to Tilt, Malathion, Vertimex, Noin powder, Aora, Mancozeb, Flora, Uromil etc. There were a variety of respondents who did not take any motion in opposition to insects-pests and illnesses infestation rather facing the issues in exclusive extent. Insect hassle used to be determined as 12 months round problem, whereas iciness season was Regarding the source of the soli most of the respondents generally purchase the soli from the local garden shop (54%). Some respondents also collect the soil from the nearby area i.e from dump site, construction site considering the quality of the soli and the type. Figure 22 shows the percentage distribution of the on-Soil Collection Source of their soli collection.

Figure 22: Respondents Distribution on Soil Collection Source (n=236)

Seeds and seedlings are fundamental requirement to garden. In a broad sense, it is that part of a plant which is used for propagation, planting, or regeneration purpose. Hence, the selection of seeds is crucial. The Figure 23 have the information on the average Money Invested for Purchasing of Seed and Sapling by a RTG owner. As per the respondent’s data the average yearly money Invested for Purchasing of Seed and Sapling is BDT 1,000-3000 yearly (36%). On the other hand, a significant number of the respondents invest less than BDT 1,000 yearly for the process. This is due to getting the required seeds/saplings from the friends, relatives or from shops or get it free from the government organizations.

Figure 23: Average Money Invested for Purchasing of Seed and Sapling (n=236)

 While asking regarding the Utilization Purpose of the Grown Products from RTG it is found that 85% families the products are used only in their own kitchen or used for their own purpose where as 11% of the families were giving excess to their friends and neighbours. A minority of 3% were selling their products outside.

Figure 24: Utilization Purpose of the Grown Products from RTG (n=236)

 

Gardening is mainly a leisure time activity where all family members are together doing garden work. But, one person takes the leadership in maintaining the garden. The study result conveys that in majority of the respondents believe (93%) that it is part of their daily life recreation and help them to pass a quality time.

Figure 25: Perception on RTG by the Respondents(n=236)

RTG Organic farming has been a way of life for man since the beginning. Respondents were also asked to identify that if there any challenges involve it, he RTG process or not. 52% of the respondents believe there is not challenges involved in the process however rest 48% is facing different challenges in the process. Most

4.4.3 Findings from RTG Non-Practitioners Survey

During non-practitioner’s survey it had been explored why human beings were now not training rooftop farming. Most of them answered that they did now not have sufficient entertainment or free time to put in force and appear after the garden. 40% human beings told that they do not have space and 33% are busy with their private and reliable works and do now not have sufficient time to spend on gardening or farming. Lack of technological information is additionally a constraint for not practicing. There are very few opportunities for acquire technological and farming knowledge. There is no government or non-public initiative to train humans and serve desirable farming facilities. So, 15% people stated that they are no longer inclined to exercises they do no longer have suitable farming knowledge.

Figure 26: Respondents Reasons of not Practicing RTG (n=165)

 

Due to different reason the RTG Non-Practitioners are not directly involved with the RTG process made themselves involved with the Other Kind of Gardening Pattern. Figure 27 is showing that 56% of the RTG non practitioners are involved themselves in barranca or in the house free space.

Figure 27: Other Kind of Gardening Pattern by the RTG Non- Practitioners (n=165)

 Research also finds that RTG Non-Practitioners like to cultivate all the type of trees in their preferred way which consist of Vegetable, Fruits, Ornamental trees as well as flower. However, the percentage of flower is large (36%) compare to vegetables (26%) and fruits (11%).

Figure 28: Type of Plant Cultivated by RTG Non- Practitioners (n=154)

 

RTG Non-Practitioners were asked regarding the if there any support needed for the RTG Non- Practitioners. Almost all the respondents agreed that an external and additional support is needed for them. They identified that Governmental training may work (34%) where some of the respondents believes that they need private sector involvement.

Figure 29: Support Type Needed for the RTG Non- Practitioners (n=154)

4.5 Discussion

With rapid growth of population and the increasing demands for higher living standards, the development of urban infrastructures and buildings are likely will increase the impervious surfaces in the river basin. Green roofs have become a famous strategy in the sustainable urban development strategies in recent decades. Green roof is a viable means of increasing the amount of vegetation in urban cities, where the open space at ground level is limited but roof tops are largely unused yet remain impervious and contribute to storm water runoff [29]. Extensive literature review has been conducted to explore the types, components and environmental benefits of green roofs to the sustainable urban development. Green roof have been recognized that it can give a lot of advantages, for example, decrease consumption of energy by reducing heating and cooling loads, increase building standards, generate amenity and aesthetic value, increase mitigation of storm water runoff, improve urban air quality, lower air temperatures, contribute on removal of urban stormwater pollutant, lower noise level in urban environments and reduce urban heat island effects [30]. More implementation of green roofs in the urban city should be promoted in order to enhance the sustainability of the urban development. Although DOSH Housing area and Mohakhali located in the same ward, they differ in both planning and spatial characteristics [31]. Nevertheless, the positive feedback and enthusiasm are almost the same from both the areas. People living in planned Lalmatia, DOSH housing area and organically developed Mohakhali residential area try to establish a rooftop garden according to their ability [32]. The research findings acknowledge that there is a huge scope of making people encouraged at vast scale on developing rooftop gardens at residential areas. Many people have hidden wish to have a garden at home, but they lack inspirations, proper guidance, and scope to use the hard surface of the building [33]. It suggests that using the current crush for rooftop gardening to reduce the hardscape of Dhaka city will not be challenging form user point of view. Most of the users are indifferent of the challenges of developing a rooftop garden as they hold a very positive attitude towards RTG. Furthermore, maximum users believe that RTG helps to cool down the microclimate of the roof [34].  This research has found out that large scale RTG contributes significantly to cool down the temperature of the top floor of the building rather than small scale RTG. It is the responsibility of professional and policymaker to start a positive ripple of roof gardening in an urban scale. RTG at urban scale will not only benefit to reduce UHI effect but also bless the city with aesthetical and psychological benefits.

5. Conclusion

As population of Dhaka city is growing higher and higher, demand for food and expenditure on food are also increasing. But the resource is scarce as agricultural land is converting to residential, commercial, or industrial land uses. Thus, it reduces the possibility to grow more and different agricultural food products. Again, food contamination such as harmful chemical usage to ripe fruits, hazardous and inorganic fertilizer, and pesticide usage to increase production etc. is increasing at an alarming rate. In this circumstance, to solve these problems and find a way out, initiation of rooftop farming can be a possible and potential solution. Rooftop farming can help to meet food demand by supplying fresh and hygienic food products, reducing household expenditure for buying vegetable and fruit, saving cost for municipality by storm water retention, creating healthy atmosphere by improving air quality and absorbing carbon from air and lessening the impact of climate change. But without government provision this is not possible to initiate at a large scale. If government and other responsible organizations step forward to encourage and flourish the practice of rooftop farming, a sustainable city can be built by ensuring food supply and urban greenery. This study basically concentrates on the practice of rooftop farming in Dhaka city and associated challenges through the intense study of two cases. But other cities can also practice and may get similar benefit. Other countries that have scarcity of cultivable land like Bangladesh can also practice rooftop farming to increase greenery and fresh food supply by following the farming method. With the help and guidance of this study, any further research like calculation of benefits of rooftop farming in local, regional and national contexts, standardize the constant factors of monetary valuation, create a replicable model of rooftop farming is possible.

7 Recommendations

• The government and other organizations are not offering any appropriate measures or incentives to encourage and grow rooftop farming in Dhaka. As previously stated, policy incentive practices exist in Portland, Austin, and Tokyo. In a similar vein, Dhaka city can also adopt a number of policy incentives. Nevertheless, there is currently no provision in building regulations such as the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC 2006) for the inclusion of rooftop farming facilities during the design phase of any structure.
• Additionally, the municipality ought to establish a fund or incentive for individuals who are already practicing as well as those who plan to in the future, as rooftop farming can retain storm water and result in large financial savings for the town. Additionally, people may start rooftop farming if the government offers incentives related to the cost of plants and other equipment.

• People who live in Dhaka’s cities are ignorant of rooftop farming. The advantages that rooftop gardening can offer are not entirely known by the public. This is mostly because the government, community, and non-governmental organizations are not making coordinated efforts in this area. Once more, the majority of people lack the necessary technical or agricultural understanding for rooftop gardening.

• The government should start a proper training and awareness program to increase people’s knowledge of rooftop farming. In addition to working more productively, DOE and DAE ought to encourage the regular provision of rooftop farming instruction with funding from NGOs and neighborhood associations.

• Even though the majority of Dhaka city’s roofs are suited for gardening, some adjustments are always required to make them more appropriate for rooftop farming. There is usually an additional fee for this. Planning should also include selecting which plants to grow, how much weight each roof space can support, the dimensions of the drums or tubs, etc.

• It is imperative to provide essential amenities such as water taps at various roof locations, a specific area set aside for planting, and netting to shield fruits and plants from birds, among other things. Building design should take into account all of these essential measures.

• Roof wetness is one of the biggest obstacles to rooftop farming in Dhaka. You can cover the bricks with drums, buckets, and tubs to protect the roof from any dangerous conditions. The roof will not sustain further harm if it has bed systems for fruits and vegetables.

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